Battery Cell Benchmarking Report

We offer for sale battery cell benchmarking reports prepared by FEV.
FEV possesses extensive expertise in battery cells and advanced testing capabilities.
The company operates testing laboratories in Aachen, Paris, Munich, and Coventry, equipped with facilities capable of conducting electrical tests, safety tests, durability tests, and abuse tests. FEV also has deep expertise in cell assembly, disassembly, and benchmarking.

＊For details on FEV’s battery cell analysis capabilities, please refer here.

Three-level analysis report

	Battery Cell Benchmark Level 3.41 - Basic	Battery Cell Benchmark Level 3.42 - Advanced	Battery Cell Benchmark Level 3.43 - Expert
Work Scope	To obtain an initial understanding of the battery cell design and its electrical performance at begin-of-life.	An advanced characterization of the used material and the cell’s resistance to thermal abuse is assessed.	To deep dive into the active materials, abuse behavior, and electrical performance.
Key Analysis	Cell Design Cell opening and teardown Component-level mass and volume balances Electron microscopy imaging of the electrodes and the separator with spectroscopic elemental analysis Electrical Behavior p-OCV and step-OCV at 25 °C Rate performance tests and internal resistance mappings between 0 °C and 50 °C	Cell Design High-detail CT scan of the cell Analysis of composition and key physical properties of the electrodes, separator, and the electrolyte using an array of analytical techniques Abuse behavior Accelerated rate calorimeter test using the FEV ARC	Cell Design Electrochemical behavior of the electrodes via coin cell testing Characterization of active material particle coatings via transmission electron microscopy Electrical Behavior Extended rate performance and internal resistance down to – 20 °C Accelerated cyclic aging at 25 °C Self-discharge test at 45 °C Abuse behavior Nail penetration and short circuit

Battery Cell Benchmark
Level 3.41 - Basic

Battery Cell Benchmark
Level 3.42 - Advanced

Battery Cell Benchmark
Level 3.43 - Expert

Work Scope

To obtain an initial understanding of the battery cell design and its electrical performance at begin-of-life.

An advanced characterization of the used material and the cell’s resistance to thermal abuse is assessed.

To deep dive into the active materials, abuse behavior, and electrical performance.

Key Analysis

Cell Design

Cell opening and teardown
Component-level mass and volume balances
Electron microscopy imaging of the electrodes and the separator with spectroscopic elemental analysis

Electrical Behavior

p-OCV and step-OCV at 25 °C
Rate performance tests and internal resistance mappings between 0 °C and 50 °C

Cell Design

High-detail CT scan of the cell
Analysis of composition and key physical properties of the electrodes, separator, and the electrolyte using an array of analytical techniques

Abuse behavior

Accelerated rate calorimeter test using the FEV ARC

Cell Design

Electrochemical behavior of the electrodes via coin cell testing
Characterization of active material particle coatings via transmission electron microscopy

Electrical Behavior

Extended rate performance and internal resistance down to – 20 °C
Accelerated cyclic aging at 25 °C
Self-discharge test at 45 °C

Abuse behavior

Nail penetration and short circuit

Available Reports

Model	OEM	Model Year	Supplier	Battery Type	Cell Type	Level 3.41	Level 3.42	Level 3.43
IONIQ 5	Hyundai	2021	SKI	NMC	Pouch	✔	On Demand	On Demand
Dolphin	BYD	2022	BYD	LFP	Blade	On Demand	On Demand	On Demand
Model Y	Tesla	2023	LG	NMC	Cylindrical	✔	On Demand	On Demand
E10X	JAC	2023	HiNa	Na-ion	Cylindrical	✔	✔	On Demand
ET7 (next generation)	NIO	2024	WeLion	NMC-Sem-Solid	Pouch	✔	✔	✔
SQ6 e-tron	Audi	2025	CATL	NMC	Prismatic	✔	✔	✔
G9	Xpeng	2025	CALB	LFP	Prismatic	✔	On Demand	On Demand

✓ :
Available now. Delivery time is 1–2 weeks.

On Demand : Analysis and report preparation will begin after receipt of the order.
The delivery time is 3–4 weeks for Level 3.41, and 5–6 weeks for Levels 3.42 and 3.43.

Report Details

Battery Cell Benchmark Level 3.41 - Basic

Battery Cell Design Study

Cell opening and teardown in an argon-filled glovebox
Detailed photo documentation
Weighing of components with precision scale
Extraction of electrolyte if possible
Measurement of main dimensions
Creation of component-level mass and volume balances
Preparation of material samples for subsequent analyses, e.g., cutting of material samples, washing in anhydrous DMC, and drying under vacuum.
Electron microscopy imaging (SEM) of the electrodes and the separator with spectroscopic elemental analysis (EDS) to obtain high-level material composition and morphology insights on key components

Electrical Behavior – Begin of Life

Electrical connection (welding/jigs) of cell and measurement of OCV curves at 25 °C
Rate performance tests and internal resistance mappings between 0 °C and 50 °C with adequate current based on insights from battery load profile
Data analysis and derivation of KPI like energy density, DCIR, etc.

Battery Cell Benchmark Level 3.42 - Advanced

Battery Cell Design Study

High-detail CT scan of the cell including data analysis and expert judgement on relevant features.
Physical and chemical analytical techniques are employed to elucidate the composition and structure of the materials as well as the electrode structures found within the battery cell of interest. The planned methods are:
- Scanning electron microscopy (SEM)
- Focused ion-beam milling (FIB)
- Energy-dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (EDS)
- Mercury intrusion porosimetry (MIP)
- Inductively-coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES)
- Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC)
- Thermogravimetrical analysis (TGA)
- Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR)
- X-ray diffraction (XRD)
- Gas chromatography with flame ionization detection (GC-FID)
- Ion chromatography (IC),
- Acid-base titration (ABT),
- Karl-Fischer titration (KFT)
These methods shall be used to characterize the cell components in the following manner:
- Anode electrode: FIB, MIP, ICP-OES, TGA, XRD
- Cathode electrode: FIB, MIP, ICP-OES, TGA, XRD
- Separator membrane: FIB, MIP, ICP-OES, DSC, TGA, FTIR, XRD
- Electrolyte: GC-MS, IC, ICP-OES, ABT, KFT
- Cell housing: SEM-EDS in cross-section
Evaluation description: FEV will assess, evaluate and compile the analysis results and will holistically derive compositional and structural insights
Determination of the porosities of the electrodes and separator

Battery Cell Design Study - Abuse Behavior

Test setup including photo and dimensional documentation, ACIR (1kHz), cell weight and design and build-up of necessary test jigs
Set-up of the cell in autoclaves with 5 type-K thermocouples and cell voltage contacting
Heat-Wait-Seek test execution in a pressure-resistant environment according to FEV Heat-Wait-Seek test specifications in Argon atmosphere
Following data will be recorded during the test with a sampling frequency of at least 10 Hz:
- Cell temperature
- Vent gas temperature
- Cell voltage
- Cell current
- Gas temperature in autoclave
- Pressure in autoclave
- Video recording
- Vessel temperature
Cell outcoming inspection: photo documentation, weight
Test report including analyses and graphs from specification

Battery Cell Benchmark Level 3.43 - Expert

Battery Cell Design Study

The anode electrode and cathode electrode materials are extracted from the opened and torn-down battery cell as per Level 3.41.
Half cells in coin format are fabricated in sufficient quantity for subsequent testing using the extracted electrode materials as well as standard coin cell components and fabrication equipment.
A suitable reference electrode material, separator material and electrolyte solution are chosen depending on FEV expert judgement.
If sufficient excess electrolyte can be extracted from the battery cell in Level 3.4.2, this electrolyte will be used.
If sufficient excess electrolyte can be extracted from the battery cell in Level 3.4.2, this electrolyte will be used.
Test descriptions:
- Pseudo-OCV tests for anode half cell and cathode half cell at 25 °C.
- Incremental capacity analysis tests for anode half cell and cathode half cell at 25 °C.
- C-rate tests for anode half cell and cathode half cell at 25 °C.

Battery Cell Design Study - Abuse Behavior

Test setup including photo and dimensional documentation, ACIR (1kHz), cell weight and design and build-up of necessary test jigs for two safety tests
Set-up of the cell for two test in autoclaves with 5 type-K thermocouples, cell voltage contacting and power cables
Nail penetration and short circuit test execution in a pressure-resistant environment, according to FEV Battery Cell Test Benchmarking Specifications, test atmosphere: Argon
Following data will be recorded during the test with a sampling frequency of at least 10 Hz:
- Cell temperature
- Vent gas temperature,
- Cell voltage
- Cell current
- Gas temperature in autoclave
- Pressure in autoclave
- Video recording
- Vessel temperature
Cell outcoming inspection: photo documentation, recording of weight
Test report including analyses and graphs from specification and raw data

Electrical Behavior – Low Temperature & Aging

Extended rate performance tests down to –20 °C
Accelerated cyclic aging at 25 °C: 1C – 1C / 10 – 80 % SOC, 500 cycles, one cell.
Self-discharge test at 45 °C