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Passenger vehicle fuel consumption limits are legislated according to GB 19578-2004; the first phase has been in force since 1 July 2005 with a second phase in force from 1 January 2008. These standards apply to both compression ignition and positive ignition Category M1 vehicles (maximum design speed exceeding 50 km/h, maximum design mass not exceeding 3.5t) but do not apply to motor vehicles powered only by gas fuel or alcohol fuel. Imported vehicles are, currently, not subject to these regulations [1]. Proposals are currently in place for Phase 3 fuel consumption standards.
Limiting values are defined according to vehicle curb weight and fuel economy is calculated based on emissions measured in accordance with standards equivalent to those laid out in European Union Directive EC/96/69/EC (amending 70/220/EC) Standards
Table 1 describes limits of fuel consumption for passenger vehicles. Table 2 applies when the vehicle has one or more of the following characteristics: automatic transmission, three or more rows of seats, is an SUV (category M1G) as defined in GB/T 15089-2001 (Classification of Power Driven Vehicles & Trailers).
See proposed phase 3 fuel economy limits for passenger vehicles in Table 5. Table 1 - Limits of Fuel Economy for Passenger Vehicles (manual)
|
Category
CM=Curb Mass
|
From 1 July 2005 (1)
(l/100km)
|
1 January 2008 (1)
(l/100km)
|
|
CM ≤ 750
|
7.2
|
6.2
|
|
750 < CM ≤ 865
|
7.2
|
6.5
|
|
865 < CM ≤ 980
|
7.7
|
7.0
|
|
980 < CM ≤ 1,090
|
8.3
|
7.5
|
|
1,090 < CM ≤ 1,205
|
8.9
|
8.1
|
|
1,205 < CM ≤1,320
|
9.5
|
8.6
|
|
1,320 < CM ≤ 1,430
|
10.1
|
9.2
|
|
1,430 < CM ≤ 1,540
|
10.7
|
9.7
|
|
1,540 < CM ≤ 1,660
|
11.3
|
10.2
|
|
1,660 < CM ≤ 1,770
|
11.9
|
10.7
|
|
1,770 < CM ≤ 1,880
|
12.4
|
11.1
|
|
1,880 < CM ≤ 2,000
|
12.8
|
11.5
|
|
2,000 < CM ≤ 2,110
|
13.2
|
11.9
|
|
2,110 < CM ≤ 2,280
|
13.7
|
12.3
|
|
2,280 < CM ≤ 2,510
|
14.6
|
13.1
|
|
2,510 < CM
|
15.5
|
13.9
|
Notes: (1) Listed dates for First Phase and Second Phase apply to newly certified vehicles (type approval), limits apply one year later for all vehicles in production. Table 2 - Limits of Fuel Economy for Passenger Vehicles (auto, MPV, SUV)
|
Category
CM=Curb Mass
|
From 1 July 2005 (1)
(l/100km)
|
1 January 2008 (1)
(l/100km)
|
|
CM ≤ 750
|
7.6
|
6.6
|
|
750 < CM ≤ 865
|
7.6
|
6.9
|
|
865 < CM ≤ 980
|
8.2
|
7.4
|
|
980 < CM ≤ 1,090
|
8.8
|
8.0
|
|
1,090 < CM ≤ 1,205
|
9.4
|
8.6
|
|
1,205 < CM ≤1,320
|
10.1
|
9.1
|
|
1,320 < CM ≤ 1,430
|
10.7
|
9.8
|
|
1,430 < CM ≤ 1,540
|
11.3
|
10.3
|
|
1,540 < CM ≤ 1,660
|
12.0
|
10.8
|
|
1,660 < CM ≤ 1,770
|
12.6
|
11.3
|
|
1,770 < CM ≤ 1,880
|
13.1
|
11.8
|
|
1,880 < CM ≤ 2,000
|
13.6
|
12.2
|
|
2,000 < CM ≤ 2,110
|
14.0
|
12.6
|
|
2,110 < CM ≤ 2,280
|
14.5
|
13.0
|
|
2,280 < CM ≤ 2,510
|
15.5
|
13.9
|
|
2,510 < CM
|
16.4
|
14.7
|
NOTES: (1) Listed dates for First Phase and Second Phase apply to newly certified vehicles (type approval), limits apply one year later for all vehicles in production.
Light Commercial Vehicles
Fuel consumption limits for commercial vehicles were introduced in February 2008. These apply to LCVs with GVW up to 3500kg or 9-12 seats. The limits were phased in as follows:
• All New models in N1 and M2 categories had to comply to the Phase 2 level by 1 February 2008
• All light LCVs (N1 and M2 categories) must comply to Phase 1 levels by 1 January 2009
• All light LCVs (N1 and M2 categories) must comply to Phase 2 levels by 1 January 2011
Tables 3 and 4 give the fuel consumption limits for Light-duty commercial vehicles.
Table 3: Fuel Consumption Limits of Light-duty Diesel Commercial Vehicles (N1 Category)
|
GVW
(kg)
|
Displacement, Vs.
(L)
|
Fuel Consumption Limits
in Phase One
(l/100km)
|
Fuel Consumption Limits
in Phase Two
(l/100km)
|
| Up to 2,000 |
All |
7.6 |
7.0 |
| 2,000 < GVW ≤ 2,500 |
Up to 2.5 |
8.4 |
8.0 |
| 2.5 < Vs. ≤ 3.0 |
9.0 |
8.5 |
| Vs. > 3.0 |
10.0 |
9.5 |
| 2,500 < GVW ≤ 3,000 |
Up to 2.5 |
9.5 |
9.0 |
| 2.5 < Vs. ≤ 3.0 |
10.0 |
9.5 |
| Vs. > 3.0 |
11.0 |
10.5 |
| GVW > 3,000 |
Up to 2.5 |
10.5 |
10.0 |
| 2.5 < Vs. ≤ 3.0 |
11.0 |
10.5 |
| 3.0 < Vs. ≤ 4.0 |
11.6 |
11.0 |
| Vs. > 4.0 |
12.0 |
11.5 |
Table 4: Fuel Consumption Limits of Light-duty Diesel Commercial Vehicles (M2 Category)
|
GVW
(kg) |
Displacement, Vs.
(L) |
Fuel Consumption Limits
in Phase One
(l/100km) |
Fuel Consumption Limits
in Phase Two
(l/100km) |
| Up to 3,000 |
Up to 2.5 |
9.4 |
8.5 |
| Vs. > 2.5 |
10.5 |
9.5 |
| GVW > 3,000 |
Up to 3.0 |
11.5 |
10.5 |
Vs. > 3.0
|
12.6 |
11.5 |
Test Procedure
Fuel economy in l/100 km is calculated from the emissions of HC, CO and CO2 measured over the combined European Drive cycle (NEDC).
For vehicles fuelled with petrol: FC = (0.1154/D) x [(0.866 x HC) + (0.429 x CO) + (0.273 x CO2)]
For vehicles fuelled with diesel: FC = (0.1155/D) x ([0.866 x HC) + (0.429 x CO) + (0.273 x CO2)]
Where:
FC = Fuel consumption in litres/100 km
HC = measured emission of hydrocarbons in g/km
CO = measured emission carbon monoxide in g/km
CO2 = measured emission of carbon dioxide in g/km
D = density of test fuel at 288k (15degC) in kg/litre
Proposals
Light Duty Vehicles
In 2010 the Chinese Government published a draft document, in Chinese, for consultation purposes, for a Phase 3 fuel consumption standard. The new standard, like Phases 1 and 2, will apply to gasoline and diesel passenger cars of up to 3,500kg mass (Category M1) and will not apply to gas or alcohol fuelled vehicles.
The new standard will require reduced levels of fuel consumption but the important difference between Phase 3 and the previous two phases is that the individual vehicle, weight band limits will not be mandatory. The standard will be applied in the form of a corporate average fuel consumption limit.
In early 2011 the Chinese Government issued a revised version of the proposed standard for approval purposes [2]. The revised, proposed weight band fuel consumption limits are given in the following Table 5.
Table 5: Proposed Phase 3 Fuel Economy Limits for Passenger Vehicles (l/100km) [2]
|
Category
|
Manual Vehicles (1) |
Automatic Vehicles,
SUV & MPV (1)
|
| CM ≤ 750 |
5.2 |
5.6 |
| 750 < CM ≤ 865 |
5.5 |
5.9 |
| 865 < CM ≤ 980 |
5.8 |
6.2 |
| 980 < CM ≤ 1,090 |
6.1 |
6.5 |
| 1,090 < CM ≤ 1,205 |
6.5 |
6.8 |
| 1,205 < CM ≤1,320 |
6.9 |
7.2 |
| 1,320 < CM ≤ 1,430 |
7.3 |
7.6 |
| 1,430 < CM ≤ 1,540 |
7.7 |
8.0 |
| 1,540 < CM ≤ 1,660 |
8.1 |
8.4 |
| 1,660 < CM ≤ 1,770 |
8.5 |
8.8 |
| 1,770 < CM ≤ 1,880 |
8.9 |
9.2 |
| 1,880 < CM ≤ 2,000 |
9.3 |
9.6 |
| 2,000 < CM ≤ 2,110 |
9.7 |
10.1 |
| 2,110 < CM ≤ 2,280 |
10.1 |
10.6 |
| 2,280 < CM ≤ 2,510 |
10.8 |
11.2 |
| 2,510 < CM |
11.5 |
11.9 |
Note: (1) See description of categories above Table 1.
The corporate average fuel consumption (CAFC) figure, for a given vehicle fleet, would be calculated according to the following formula [2]:
Where:
N = the number of vehicle series
i = an individual vehicle series
FCi = the average fuel consumption of series i
Vpi =the annual output of series i
The target CAFC for an individual manufacturer's fleet would be calculated as:
Where:
TCAFC = Corporate Average Fuel Consumption target
Ti = the fuel consumption target of series i, as shown in the above table.
These fuel consumption limits would be phased in between 2012 and 2015 as shown in the following Table 6.
The more lenient fuel consumption targets for Automatics, SUVs and MPVs (right hand column in the above table) would be discontinued from 2016.
Table 6: Corporate Average Fuel Consumption Phase-In Requirements [2]
| Year |
CAFC / CAFC Target |
| 2012 |
109% |
| 2013 |
106% |
| 2014 |
103% |
| 2015 Onwards |
100% |
According to a paper at the May 2011 conference of the UN Commission on Sustainable Development [1] the Chinese government was, at that time, considering a further phase of passenger car fuel consumption targets for introduction in 2020 with the intention of imposing a fleet average fuel consumption target of 5.0 l/100km.
Heavy Duty Vehicles
Below are details of the currently proposed limits and test procedures for heavy-duty fuel economy.
The heavy duty vehicle fuel efficiency limit is tested using two phases.
The first phase is performed in either top or second to top gear for manuals, and 'drive' for automatics with a fully laden vehicle. The vehicle is tested at a number of speeds (see Table 7) over a 500m stretch of road. The vehicle is stabilised at the test speed for at least 100m and the fuel consumption (and time) is then recorded for 500m. Each speed is tested twice and the speed must be within 2km/h above or below the test speed.
The fuel consumption average is then calculated using:
Q = Σ ( Qi x ki )
Where Q = comprehensive fuel consumption (l/100km) , Qi = fuel consumption at test speed i, ki = fuel consumption weight coefficient at test speed i (see Table 7 below)
Table 7: Heavy Duty Vehicles Fuel Consumption Coeffcient, ki
| Speed (km/h) |
30 |
40 |
50 |
60 |
70 |
80 |
90 |
100 |
| Buses |
| Super Large |
Senior |
- |
- |
0.03 |
0.02 |
0.02 |
0.20 |
0.55 |
0.18 |
| Middle or Common |
- |
0.05 |
0.10 |
0.25 |
0.30 |
0.30 |
- |
- |
| Large |
Senior |
- |
- |
0.01 |
0.02 |
0.02 |
0.15 |
0.55 |
0.25 |
| Middle or Common |
- |
0.05 |
0.10 |
0.25 |
0.30 |
0.30 |
- |
- |
| Mid |
Senior |
- |
- |
0.05 |
0.05 |
0.05 |
0.20 |
0.60 |
0.05 |
| Middle or Common |
- |
0.05 |
0.10 |
0.30 |
0.30 |
0.25 |
- |
- |
| Small |
Senior |
- |
- |
0.02 |
0.04 |
0.04 |
0.30 |
0.30 |
0.30 |
| Middle or Common |
- |
0.05 |
0.10 |
0.30 |
0.30 |
0.25 |
- |
- |
| Goods Vehicles |
| Rigid Vehicle |
- |
0.05 |
0.05 |
0.10 |
0.20 |
0.60 |
- |
- |
| Rigid Tipper |
0.05 |
0.10 |
0.25 |
0.30 |
0.30 |
- |
- |
- |
| Tractor and Semi-Trailer |
- |
0.05 |
0.10 |
0.10 |
0.50 |
0.25 |
- |
- |
The phase 2 fuel consumption is performed with an unloaded vehicle in its second highest gear (manual) or drive (automatic). The vehicle is then stabilised at 60km/h for buses and 50km/h for goods vehicles before having the fuel efficiency recorded over a 500m distance. The test is performed twice and the result averaged.
The two fuel consumption values must meet the limits shown in Table 8.
Table 8: Fuel Consumption Limits for Heavy Duty Vehicles
| Buses |
| Vehicle Type |
Vehicle length, L (m) |
Phase 1 Limit (l/100km) |
Phase 2 Limit (l/100km) |
| Senior |
Middle and
Common
|
Senior |
Middle and
Common
|
| Super Large |
L > 12
|
28.5 |
28.0 |
28.0 |
27.0 |
| Large |
11 < L ≤ 12
|
27.1 |
22.8 |
24.4 |
20.5 |
| 10 < L ≤ 11 |
26.5 |
21.7 |
23.9 |
19.5 |
9 < L ≤ 10
|
25.0 |
19.4 |
22.5 |
17.5 |
| Middle |
8 < L ≤
|
21.5 |
17.3 |
19.4 |
15.6 |
7 < L ≤ 8
|
20.0 |
16.7 |
18.0 |
15.0 |
6 < L ≤ 7
|
17.1
|
14.3 |
15.4 |
12.9 |
| Small |
L ≤ 6
|
14.4 |
12.0 |
13.0 |
10.8 |
| Goods Vehicles |
| Total Vehicle Mass, T (kg) |
Phase 1 Limit (l/100km) |
Phase 2 Limit (l/100km)
|
| 3,500 < T ≤ 5,000 |
12.6 |
11.3 |
| 5,000 < T ≤ 7,000 |
16.3 |
14.7 |
| 7,000 < T ≤ 9,000 |
18.8 |
16.9 |
| 9,000 < T ≤ 11,000 |
21.5 |
19.4 |
| 11,000 < T ≤ 13,000 |
23.8 |
21.4 |
| 13,000 < T ≤ 15,000 |
25.7 |
23.1 |
| 15,000 < T ≤ 17,000 |
27.4 |
24.7 |
| 17,000 < T ≤ 19,000 |
28.9 |
26.0 |
| 19,000 < T ≤ 21,000 |
30.2 |
27.2 |
| 21,000 < T ≤ 23,000 |
31.4 |
28.3 |
| 23,000 < T ≤ 25,000 |
32.5 |
29.3 |
| 25,000 < T ≤ 27,000 |
33.5 |
30.2 |
| 27,000 < T ≤ 29,000 |
34.5 |
31.1 |
| 29,000 < T ≤ 31,000 |
35.5 |
32.0 |
REFERENCES:
1. UN Commission on Sustainable Development Conf, New York, 2-13 May 2011, "Global Overview on Fuel Efficiency and Motor Vehicle Emission Standards."
http://www.un.org/esa/dsd/resources/res_pdfs/csd-19/Background-paper3-transport.pdf
2. Draft Chinese Standard, ICS 43.020 T 40, published in Chinese, 2010, Fuel Consumption Evaluation Method and Targets for Passenger Cars.
Source: This report is edited by MarkLines on its own responsibility based on "Ricardo Library EMLEG Summaries-China Fuel Economy, updated on 21 October 2011.
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(JP)
(CN)
