US fuel economy regulations: proposed CAFE target at 34.1 mpg
and CO2 emission target at 250 g/mile in MY 2016
Adoption of the standards by vehicle size urges auto manufacturers to improve its CAFE
and CO2 emission levels by every size of their vehicles
On September 15, 2009 NHTSA (National Highway Traffic Safety Administration) of the US DOT (Department of Transportation) and EPA (Environmental Protection Agency) issued the joint proposal of the regulations regarding the CAFE (Corporate Average Fuel Economy) and GHG (Greenhouse Gas) emission levels for passenger cars and light trucks in model years 2012 through 2016. This action represents the first-ever joint proposal of the CAFE regulations with other agencies for NHTSA. Also, establishing the GHG emission standards for vehicles is the first-ever action in the US.
The joint proposal was developed responding to the President Obama's call for the National Fuel Efficiency Policy dated May 19, 2009. The proposal is in line with the Presidential Memorandum announced by Mr. Obama on January 26, 2009 with respect to the CAFE standards in model years 2011 and beyond as well.
According to the joint proposal, the proposed CAFE standards require passenger cars and light trucks to meet an average fuel economy of 34.1 mpg in model year 2016 (27.3 mpg in model year 2011), and the GHG standards will require them to meet a GHG or CO2 emission of 250 g/mile. The US has three different types of standards established respectively by the DOT, EPA and 14 states including California so far. This joint rulemaking would bring the first nationwide limits on the fuel economy in the US.
Proposed US CAFE standards for passenger cars and light trucks in MY 2010-2016 |
(mpg)
|
|
|
MY2010 |
MY2011 |
MY2012 |
MY2013 |
MY2014 |
MY2015 |
MY2016 |
|
Passenger Cars |
27.5 |
30.2 |
33.6 |
34.4 |
35.2 |
36.4 |
38.0 |
|
Light Trucks |
23.5 |
24.1 |
25.0 |
25.6 |
26.2 |
27.1 |
28.3 |
|
Combined Cars & Trucks |
25.3 |
27.3 |
29.8 |
30.6 |
31.4 |
32.6 |
34.1 |
Proposed US CO2 emission standards for passenger cars and light trucks in MY 2012-2016 |
(g/mile)
|
|
|
MY2010 |
MY2011 |
MY2012 |
MY2013 |
MY2014 |
MY2015 |
MY2016 |
|
Passenger Cars |
|
|
261 |
253 |
246 |
235 |
224 |
|
Light Trucks |
|
|
352 |
341 |
332 |
317 |
302 |
|
Combined Cars & Trucks |
|
|
295 |
286 |
276 |
263 |
250 |
| Source: | EPA/DOT "Proposed Rulemaking to Establish Light-Duty Vehicle GHG Emission Standards and CAFE Standards" |
| Notes: 1. | The CAFE standards by MY 2011 are already finalized. NHTSA promulgated the CAFE standards for MY 2011 on March 27, 2009 (the agency adopted the footprint-based computation for the standards to passenger cars just as done to light trucks). |
| 2. | The combined cars and trucks data are the target values. They are variable because these are determined by a manufacturer's fleets of passenger cars vs. light duty trucks in a target model year. The standards for passenger cars and light trucks are also the target values. They are variable because they are determined by the size structure in a manufacturer's fleets of passenger cars and light trucks (because the CAFE standards are defined by footprint-based vehicle size). |
| 3. | The proposed CAFE standard of 34.1 mpg is equivalent to 14.5 km/liter where one mile per gallon is equivalent to about 0.425 km/liter. The proposed CO2 emission standard of 250 g/mil is equivalent to 155 g/km where one gallon/mile is equivalent to 0.621 g/km. |
US CAFE standards (the proposed target is 34.1 mpg for MY 2016) and CO2 emission standards (the proposed target is 250 g/mile for MY 2016)
| Source: | NHTSA "Summary of Fuel Economy Performance (March 30, 2009)", EPA/DOT "Proposed Rulemaking to Establish Light-Duty Vehicle GHG Emission Standards and CAFE Standards" |
| Notes: 1. | The left gage shows the CAFE standards expressed in mile per gallon (mpg) and the right gage the CO2 emission standards in gram per mile (g/mile). |
| 2. | The target standards are defined on a model year basis. The CAFE standards for passenger cars started in MY 1978 and for light trucks in MY 1979. The CAFE standards were applied separately for 2WD and 4WD for light trucks in MY 1979-1981. The combined standards did not exist. |
| 3. | The old standards announced in August 2005 (not determined by footprint) are applied to light trucks in model years from 2008 to 2010. |
NHTSA and EPA jointly propose CAFE and CO2 emission standards for MY 2012-2016
In the joint rulemaking by DOT's NHTSA and EPA issued in September 2009, NHTSA developed the CAFE standards; and EPA the GHG or CO2 emission standards.
To harmonize the respective proposed standards between NHTSA and EPA, they adopted generally common framework designs, including definitions of passenger cars and light trucks, standards by vehicle footprint, and ways to handle the credits obtained when fleet auto manufacturers over-satisfy the standards.
The NHTSA proposed CAFE targets in MY 2016 as follows: 38.0 mpg for passenger cars, 28.3 mpg for light trucks, and 34.1 mpg for the combined average target for the both cars and light trucks. Thus, these targets would urge auto manufacturers to improve the fuel consumption by 4.3% every year from the MY 2011 standard level of 27.3 mpg.
EPA proposed the CO2 emission targets in MY 2016 as follows: 224g/mile for passenger cars, 302 g/mile for light trucks, and 250 g/mile for both passenger cars and light trucks.
| Proposed CAFE targeted at 34.1 mpg, and CO2 emission at 250 g/mile in MY 2016 (issued in September 2009) |
|
Outline |
On September 15, 2009, NHTSA and EPA (Environmental Protection Agency) issued the joint proposal of CAFE standards and GHG (greenhouse gas) emission standards for passenger cars and light trucks (including light duty trucks and medium duty passenger vehicles) in model years from 2012 through 2016. This action represents the first-ever joint proposal of the CAFE regulations for NHTSA with other agencies. Also, establishing the GHG emission standards for vehicles is the first-ever action in the US. NHTSA is asking for public comments for 60 days after the issuance of the proposal, and the agency will finalize the standards by March 31, 2010. |
|
Backgrounds |
The joint proposal was developed following the National Fuel Efficiency Policy announced by President Obama on May 19, 2009. The proposed rules are also in line with the Presidential Memorandum dated January 26, 2009 regarding the CAFE standards for model years 2011 and beyond. |
| The US has three different types of standards issued respectively by DOT (Department of Transportation), EPA and 14 states including California of which CO2 emission standards are tougher than any other standards. This joint rulemaking would bring the first nationwide limits on the fuel economy in the US. | |
|
Jointly proposed standards by NHTSA and EPA |
The CAFE and CO2 emission standards for passenger cars and light trucks in MY 2012-2016 are defined by footprint-based size (calculated by multiplying wheal base by track width). The NHTSA-proposed CAFE standards require these cars and light trucks to meet a fuel economy of 34.1 mpg in the 2016 model year, while the EPA- proposed GHG emission standards require them to meet a CO2 emission of 250 g/mile (both criteria are the combined average of those of passenger cars and light trucks) in the same model year. |
| In cases where the EPA-proposed CO2 emission standard of 250 g/mile is attained solely by improving fuel economy, such improvement is equivalent to the CAFE standard of 35.5 mpg (equivalent to the target announced by the US President Obama in May). However, EPA will grant credits for improved air-conditioner systems, while NHTSA will not. Thus, NHTSA has chosen 34.1 mpg for the CAFE standard equivalent to a CO2 emission of 250 g/mile. | |
| To satisfy the CAFE standard of 34.1 mpg in model year 2016, auto manufacturers would have to improve the fuel economy of their fleets of passenger cars and light trucks by 4.3% every year from the MY 2011 CAFE level of 27.3 mpg. |
| Benefits, costs, credits and penalties according to CAFE and the GHG emission standards for MY 2012-2016 |
|
|
Proposed CAFE standards by NHTSA |
Proposed GHG standards by EPA |
|
Benefits |
(Benefits during the whole lifetime of passenger cars and light trucks |
|
| It is expected to save 61.6 billion gallons of fuel and reduce 656 million metric tons of CO2 emission. | It is expected to save 76 billion gallons of fuel and reduce 947 million metric tons of CO2 emission. | |
|
Costs |
(Cost burden by auto manufacturers and average sales price rise in MY 2012-2016) |
|
| Auto manufacturers will shoulder a total cost burden of 60.2 billion dollars of 40.8 billion dollars for passenger cars and 19.4 billion dollars for light trucks. | Auto manufacturers will shoulder a total cost burden of 56.1 billion dollars of 35.3 billion dollars for passenger cars and 20.9 billion dollars for light trucks. | |
| Rise in sales price would range from 476 dollars per vehicle in MY 2012 to 1,091 dollars per vehicle in MY 2016. | Rise in sales price would range from 368 dollars per vehicle in MY 2012 to 1,050 dollars per vehicle in MY 2016. | |
|
Credits |
If auto manufacturers over-satisfy the standards, such manufacturers may use their earned credits for counterbalancing a past or future unattainable margin to the standards in each target model year. The carry-back period is three model years, and the carry-forward period is five model years. |
|
| Credits may be transferred between vehicle classes and traded between auto manufacturers within the respective predefined limitations. | Credits may be transferred between vehicle classes and traded between auto manufacturers without any limitations. | |
| NHTSA will not grant credits for improved air-conditioning systems, because air conditioning systems are not operated during the gas mileage test. | EPA will grant credits to auto manufacturers for improved air-conditioning systems by reducing leakage of Hydrofluorocarbon refrigerants and improving the efficiency of air-conditioners. | |
| The credits for production of flex-fuel vehicles will be abolished in a phase-in manner by MY 2019. | The credits will only be granted for production of flex-fuel vehicles after MY 2015, if the vehicles actually use alternative fuel. | |
|
|
EPA proposed new credits for advanced technology vehicles such as EV and PHEV, and fuel cell vehicles, plus solar panels, adaptive cruise control and active aerodynamics, which are not evaluated in the current testing. | |
|
Small manufacturers |
The proposed standards will not be relaxed for small manufacturers. | For auto manufacturers selling fewer than 400K vehicles, EPA will apply exemption for part of their sales for the grace period from MY 2012 to MY 2015. |
|
Penalties |
Auto manufacturers, whose fleets of passenger cars and light trucks fail to meet the CAFE standards, will be liable for a civil penalty of 5.50 dollars per each tenth a mpg under the target times the total volume of vehicles manufactured for a given model year. | No penalty is included in the proposal. |
| Source: | EPA/DOT "Proposed Rulemaking to Establish Light-Duty Vehicle GHG Emission Standards and CAFE Standards" |
Note: The benefits and the costs are estimated by NHTSA and EPA.
Proposed standards for MY 2012-2016 developed following the new National Fuel Efficiency Policy announced by President Obama
Mr. Obama who assumed the presidency in January 2009 announced the Presidential Memorandum regarding the CAFE standards for model years 2011 and beyond in the same month, and the new US National Fuel Efficiency Policy in May 2009.
Following the Memorandum, NHTSA has established the CAFE standards for MY 2011 in March 2009. The agency specifies the combined average fuel economy of 27.3 mpg for passenger cars and light trucks, tougher by 2.0 mpg than the CAFE standards for MY 2010.
In the jointly proposed rules for MY 2012-2016, NHTSA and EPA defined the targets to establish stricter rules in line with the new National Fuel Efficiency Policy, which would urge auto manufacturers to improve the fuel economy of their fleets of cars and light trucks by 4.3% every year.
Obama's new National Fuel Efficiency Policy announced on May 19, 2009
|
President Barak Obama announced the US National Fuel Efficiency Policy to improve fuel consumption of passenger cars and light trucks and reduce GHG emission. |
|
|
Proposing a combined average fuel economy of 35.5 mpg for passenger cars and light trucks in MY 2016, the new National Fuel Efficiency Policy requires auto manufacturers to increase the CAFE level of these cars and light trucks by 5% every year. If the fuel economy were to be attained, the targets defined in the Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007 could be achieved four years ahead of the schedule. |
|
| If the CAFE standards in line with the New Fuel Efficiency Policy are implemented, it is expected to save 1.8 billion barrels (about 75.6 billion gallons) of fuel and cut 900 million metric tons of CO2 emission throughout the lifetimes of passenger cars and light trucks sold in model years 2012 through 2016. |
Source: White House Press Office Press Release dated on May 19, 2009
Obama's Presidential Memorandum regarding the CAFE standards in model years 2011 and beyond (announced on January 26, 2009) |
|
Targets in the Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007 |
The Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007 effective in December 2007 requires auto manufacturers to attain the combined average fuel economy of 35 mpg for passenger cars and light trucks by the 2020 model year. To achieve the target, the DOT was required to provide the CAFE standards for model years 2011 and beyond. |
|
Responding to the policy, in May 2008, NHTSA had issued the proposal of the CAFE standards to regulate MY 2011-2015. Mr. Obama assumed the presidency in January 2009 before the issuance. |
|
|
CAFE standards for MY 2011 and for MY 2012 |
According to the Federal Regulations, the CAFE standards must become effective in 18 months before the target model year starts. Thus, President Obama requested NHTSA in the Presidential Memorandum dated January 26, 2009 to separately establish the CAFE Standards for model year 2011 and for model years 2012 and beyond. |
| Due to the time constraints, the CAFE standards for MY 2011 were established by the end of March 2009 according to the proposal published in May 2008. NHTSA will review the approaches for defining basic settings by examining legal, technological and scientific aspects, and then it is going to add stringency to the CAFE standards to regulate model years starting from 2012. |
| Note: | Following the Presidential Memorandum, NHTSA established on March 27, 2009 the CAFE standards for MY 2011. It requires passenger cars and light trucks sold in MY 2011 to meet the fuel economy of 30.2 mpg and 24.1 mpg, respectively, and the combined average of 27.3 mpg. These criteria are tougher by 2.0 mpg than the MY 2010 CAFE level. In addition, NHTSA employed the standards by footprint-based size (calculated by multiplying wheelbase by track width) for passenger cars just as done to light trucks in the CAFE standards for model years 2008 through 2011. |
Upon becoming effective, footprint-based standards will urge auto manufacturers to improve CAFE and CO2 emission levels for every size of cars and vehicles
NHTSA has adopted footprint-based standards for light trucks since the CAFE standards for model years from 2008 through 2011. The CAFE standards for MY 2011 issued in March 2009 were defined by vehicle size of passenger cars and light trucks. In the joint rulemaking for model years 2012 through 2016 by NHTSA and EPA, the footprint-based CAFE and GHG emission standards are also adopted for passenger cars and light trucks.
Upon becoming effective, footprint-based CAFE standards will urge auto manufacturers to improve CAFE and CO2 emission levels by every size of vehicles, from small to large. NHTSA and EPA said that the MY 2008 Honda FIT, for an example, would be required to achieve its targets of a fuel economy of 41.4 mpg equivalent to a CO2 emission of 214 g/mile in MY 2016. These are tougher than the combined average targets of 34.1 mpg and 250 g/mile for the fleets of cars and vehicles.
MY 2016 CO2 emission and CAFE standards by vehicle type (examples)
|
Vehicle type |
Example models |
Proposed MY 2016 standard |
||||
|
Models |
Footprint |
Fuel economy performance |
Fuel economy target |
CO2 emission target |
||
|
Passenger Cars |
Compact car |
Honda Fit |
40 |
29-31 |
41.4 |
214 |
|
Midsize car |
Ford Fusion |
46 |
21-23 |
37.3 |
237 |
|
|
Fullsize car |
Chrysler 300 |
53 |
15-21 |
32.8 |
270 |
|
|
Light |
Small SUV |
4WD Ford Escape |
44 |
19-21 |
32.8 |
269 |
|
Midsize crossover |
Nissan Murano |
49 |
n.a. |
30.6 |
289 |
|
|
Minivan |
Toyota Sienna |
55 |
18-19 |
28.2 |
313 |
|
|
Large pickup truck |
Chevrolet Silverado |
67 |
14-17 |
24.7 |
358 |
|
| Source: | EPA/DOT "Proposed Rulemaking to Establish Light-Duty Vehicle GHG Emission Standards and CAFE Standards" |
| Note: | Footprints for model examples are expressed in square feet. The fuel economy performance of MY 2008 vehicles are according to the announcement by EPA. |
Estimation of different CAFE and CO2 emission criteria for each auto manufacturer to meet
NHTSA estimates the CAFE targets for each manufacturer to meet after the implementation of the respective standards for model year 2011 and model years 2012 through 2016. (Since the size structure in the fleet of sold cars and vehicles differs among manufacturers, CAFE targets are separately defined for individual auto manufacturers.) According to the estimation using the MY 2011 fuel economy standard as the base, auto manufacturers will be required to improve the fuel economies in the range from 23 to 33% for passenger cars and from 16 to 20% for light trucks.
NHTSA's estimation: Average fuel economy required for each manufacturer under final MY 2011 and proposed MY 2012-2016 CAFE standards |
(mpg)
|
|
|
|
MY 2011 |
MY 2012 |
MY 2013 |
MY 2014 |
MY 2015 |
MY 2016 |
Required |
|
Cars |
BMW |
30.2 |
33.2 |
34.0 |
34.8 |
36.0 |
37.5 |
24.2% |
|
Chrysler |
29.6 |
33.0 |
33.7 |
34.5 |
35.3 |
36.8 |
24.3% |
|
|
Daimler |
29.4 |
32.6 |
33.1 |
33.8 |
35.0 |
36.4 |
23.8% |
|
|
Ford |
29.8 |
33.0 |
33.7 |
34.5 |
35.8 |
37.3 |
25.2% |
|
|
GM |
30.3 |
33.0 |
33.8 |
34.6 |
35.8 |
37.3 |
23.1% |
|
|
Honda |
30.8 |
33.9 |
34.7 |
35.5 |
36.8 |
38.4 |
24.7% |
|
|
Hyundai |
30.8 |
33.8 |
34.6 |
35.5 |
36.8 |
38.3 |
24.4% |
|
|
Kia |
30.6 |
33.6 |
34.4 |
35.2 |
36.5 |
38.0 |
24.2% |
|
|
Mazda |
30.7 |
34.1 |
34.8 |
35.7 |
37.0 |
38.6 |
25.7% |
|
|
Mitsubishi |
31.0 |
34.4 |
35.3 |
36.1 |
37.4 |
39.2 |
26.5% |
|
|
Nissan |
30.7 |
33.5 |
34.2 |
35.0 |
36.2 |
37.8 |
23.1% |
|
|
Porsche |
31.2 |
36.2 |
37.2 |
38.1 |
39.6 |
41.4 |
32.7% |
|
|
Subaru |
31.0 |
34.8 |
35.7 |
36.5 |
37.9 |
39.6 |
27.7% |
|
|
Suzuki |
31.2 |
35.9 |
36.8 |
37.7 |
39.2 |
41.0 |
31.4% |
|
|
Tata |
27.8 |
30.7 |
31.4 |
32.1 |
33.1 |
34.4 |
23.7% |
|
|
Toyota |
30.8 |
34.1 |
34.9 |
35.7 |
37.0 |
38.6 |
25.3% |
|
|
Volkswagen |
30.8 |
34.6 |
35.4 |
36.2 |
37.5 |
39.1 |
26.9% |
|
|
Average |
30.5 |
33.6 |
34.4 |
35.2 |
36.4 |
38.0 |
24.6% |
|
|
Light |
BMW |
25.7 |
26.3 |
27.0 |
27.7 |
28.8 |
30.1 |
17.1% |
|
Chrysler |
24.2 |
25.2 |
25.8 |
26.4 |
27.3 |
28.5 |
17.8% |
|
|
Daimler |
24.7 |
25.4 |
26.1 |
26.9 |
27.9 |
29.1 |
17.8% |
|
|
Ford |
23.3 |
24.3 |
24.9 |
25.3 |
26.2 |
27.3 |
17.2% |
|
|
GM |
22.9 |
23.6 |
24.2 |
24.8 |
25.6 |
26.6 |
16.2% |
|
|
Honda |
25.6 |
26.4 |
27.1 |
27.9 |
29.0 |
30.4 |
18.8% |
|
|
Hyundai |
25.9 |
26.6 |
27.3 |
28.1 |
29.3 |
30.6 |
18.1% |
|
|
Kia |
25.1 |
25.8 |
26.4 |
27.2 |
28.3 |
29.6 |
17.9% |
|
|
Mazda |
26.3 |
27.4 |
28.1 |
28.8 |
29.9 |
31.4 |
19.4% |
|
|
Mitsubishi |
26.4 |
27.4 |
28.1 |
28.9 |
30.1 |
31.6 |
19.7% |
|
|
Nissan |
24.1 |
25.0 |
25.6 |
26.1 |
27.0 |
28.2 |
17.0% |
|
|
Porsche |
25.5 |
26.0 |
26.7 |
27.4 |
28.5 |
29.8 |
16.9% |
|
|
Subaru |
26.5 |
27.5 |
28.3 |
29.2 |
30.4 |
31.8 |
20.0% |
|
|
Suzuki |
26.3 |
27.2 |
27.9 |
28.7 |
29.9 |
31.3 |
19.0% |
|
|
Tata |
26.1 |
26.9 |
27.6 |
28.4 |
29.6 |
31.0 |
18.8% |
|
|
Toyota |
25.2 |
25.7 |
26.3 |
27.1 |
28.1 |
29.3 |
16.3% |
|
|
Volkswagen |
25.0 |
25.6 |
26.2 |
26.9 |
27.9 |
29.2 |
16.8% |
|
|
Average |
24.2 |
25.0 |
25.6 |
26.2 |
27.1 |
28.3 |
16.9% |
| Source: | EPA/DOT "Proposed Rulemaking to Establish Light-Duty Vehicle GHG Emission Standards and CAFE Standards" |
| Notes: 1. | The CAFE standards for model year 2011 (defined by footprint) were issued by NHTSA in March 2009. They require passenger cars and light trucks to satisfy the average fuel economies of 30.2 mpg and of 24.1 mpg, respectively. NHTSA says that the MY 2011 average fuel economy levels would be 30.5 mpg for passenger cars and 24.2 mpg for light trucks, because the size structure of the fleet of cars and vehicles would differ from the initial projections as of September 2009 when the proposed standards were issued. |
| 2. | The required improvement rates in the right column are for reference, which are estimated by dividing the MY 2016 data by the MY 2011 data by MarkLines. |
In turn, EPA estimates CO2 emission for each manufacturer to satisfy after the implementation of the GHG emission standards for MY 2012-2016. In model years 2012 through 2016, auto manufacturers will be required to improve CO2 emission level in the range from 13 to 16% for both passenger cars and light trucks.
EPA's estimation: CO2 emission levels required for each manufacturer under proposed MY 2012-2016 GHG emission standards |
(g/mile)
|
|
|
|
MY 2012 |
MY 2013 |
MY 2014 |
MY 2015 |
MY 2016 |
|
Cars |
BMW |
265 |
257 |
249 |
238 |
227 |
|
Chrysler |
266 |
259 |
251 |
242 |
231 |
|
|
Daimler |
270 |
263 |
257 |
245 |
234 |
|
|
Ford |
266 |
259 |
251 |
239 |
228 |
|
|
GM |
266 |
258 |
250 |
239 |
228 |
|
|
Honda |
259 |
251 |
244 |
232 |
221 |
|
|
Hyundai |
260 |
252 |
244 |
233 |
221 |
|
|
Kia |
262 |
253 |
246 |
235 |
223 |
|
|
Mazda |
258 |
250 |
243 |
231 |
220 |
|
|
Mitsubishi |
255 |
247 |
240 |
228 |
217 |
|
|
Nissan |
263 |
255 |
247 |
236 |
225 |
|
|
Porsche |
242 |
234 |
227 |
215 |
204 |
|
|
Subaru |
252 |
244 |
237 |
225 |
214 |
|
|
Suzuki |
244 |
236 |
229 |
217 |
206 |
|
|
Tata |
286 |
278 |
271 |
259 |
248 |
|
|
Toyota |
257 |
250 |
242 |
231 |
220 |
|
|
Volkswagen |
254 |
246 |
239 |
228 |
217 |
|
|
Average |
261 |
254 |
245 |
234 |
224 |
|
|
Light Trucks |
BMW |
334 |
324 |
313 |
298 |
283 |
|
Chrysler |
349 |
339 |
329 |
315 |
300 |
|
|
Daimler |
346 |
334 |
323 |
308 |
293 |
|
|
Ford |
363 |
352 |
343 |
329 |
314 |
|
|
GM |
372 |
361 |
351 |
337 |
322 |
|
|
Honda |
333 |
322 |
311 |
295 |
280 |
|
|
Hyundai |
330 |
320 |
308 |
293 |
278 |
|
|
Kia |
341 |
330 |
319 |
303 |
288 |
|
|
Mazda |
321 |
311 |
300 |
286 |
271 |
|
|
Mitsubishi |
320 |
310 |
299 |
284 |
269 |
|
|
Nissan |
352 |
341 |
332 |
318 |
303 |
|
|
Porsche |
338 |
327 |
316 |
301 |
286 |
|
|
Subaru |
319 |
308 |
297 |
282 |
267 |
|
|
Suzuki |
324 |
313 |
301 |
286 |
271 |
|
|
Tata |
326 |
316 |
305 |
289 |
275 |
|
|
Toyota |
342 |
332 |
320 |
305 |
291 |
|
|
Volkswagen |
344 |
333 |
322 |
307 |
292 |
|
|
Average |
352 |
341 |
331 |
317 |
303 |
| Source: | EPA/DOT "Proposed Rulemaking to Establish Light-Duty Vehicle GHG Emission Standards and CAFE Standards" |
MY 2008 CAFE levels of TOYOTA and HONDA exceed an average fuel economy of 31 mpg of passenger cars and light trucks
The estimations of the current CAFE levels of major auto manufacturers in the US market are calculated based on the weighted average of passenger cars and light trucks. The results as of model year 2008 are as follows: Toyota and Honda have achieved more than 31 mpg, Hyundai more than 30 mpg (the target fuel economy is 34.1 mpg in the proposed CAFE standards for MY 2016). These are followed by Nissan and Kia with more than 29 mpg.
| (Reference) Weighted average CAFE of passenger cars and light trucks by auto manufacturer in the US market |
(mpg)
|
|
|
MY2002 |
MY2003 |
MY2004 |
MY2005 |
MY2006 |
MY2007 |
MY2008 |
|
GM |
24.5 |
24.3 |
24.6 |
24.7 |
25.6 |
25.4 |
25.7 |
|
Ford |
23.5 |
23.7 |
23.1 |
24.1 |
24.1 |
24.9 |
26.1 |
|
Chrysler |
|
|
|
|
|
|
25.3 |
|
DaimlerChrysler |
23.5 |
24.3 |
22.9 |
23.2 |
22.9 |
24.3 |
24.8 |
|
VW |
29.0 |
29.1 |
27.3 |
27.8 |
29.2 |
27.2 |
27.5 |
|
BMW |
25.1 |
25.7 |
25.3 |
25.7 |
26.0 |
26.9 |
26.6 |
|
Toyota |
27.7 |
26.1 |
28.1 |
29.9 |
30.1 |
29.9 |
31.1 |
|
Nissan |
26.1 |
26.2 |
25.1 |
25.8 |
26.0 |
28.7 |
29.2 |
|
Honda |
29.9 |
30.4 |
29.7 |
29.7 |
29.9 |
30.4 |
31.1 |
|
Mitsubishi |
|
|
|
27.0 |
26.1 |
26.4 |
27.9 |
|
Isuzu |
21.0 |
22.3 |
23.1 |
|
|
|
|
|
Subaru |
27.6 |
26.7 |
26.0 |
27.6 |
27.8 |
28.4 |
28.2 |
|
Suzuki |
24.9 |
26.3 |
26.8 |
27.7 |
27.8 |
27.6 |
28.3 |
|
Hyundai |
29.9 |
28.9 |
28.2 |
28.7 |
28.2 |
29.0 |
30.4 |
|
Kia |
26.8 |
25.9 |
25.4 |
26.0 |
27.8 |
28.8 |
29.4 |
|
Average |
25.0 |
25.2 |
25.0 |
25.7 |
26.0 |
26.8 |
27.4 |
|
Average published |
24.7 |
25.1 |
24.6 |
25.4 |
25.8 |
26.6 |
27.0 |
| Notes: 1. | The above shows weighted averages computed by MarkLines by multiplying CAFE values of domestic cars, import cars and light trucks by unit sales. |
| 2. | The MY 2008 data of DaimlerChrysler are the data of Daimler only. |
(Reference) Combined fuel economy of new vehicles by fuel and segment sold in the US market
|
|
Combined fuel economy (mpg): average of the sold vehicles excluding the vehicles with unknown fuel economy |
New vehicle sales (units) |
|||||||
|
2004 |
2005 |
2006 |
2007 |
2008 |
Jan.-Aug. |
2008 |
Jan.-Aug. 2009 |
||
|
Gasoline model |
Budget |
30.0 |
29.8 |
31.3 |
31.1 |
30.0 |
30.3 |
349,067 |
218,217 |
|
Small |
29.6 |
28.8 |
29.2 |
28.5 |
27.1 |
27.2 |
1,942,188 |
1,130,198 |
|
|
Lower Mid |
24.6 |
24.1 |
24.8 |
24.9 |
24.0 |
24.0 |
280,271 |
129,801 |
|
|
Mid |
25.2 |
25.3 |
25.3 |
24.7 |
23.6 |
23.9 |
1,940,940 |
1,027,033 |
|
|
Upper Mid |
22.2 |
22.7 |
22.4 |
22.0 |
20.4 |
20.6 |
356,160 |
159,486 |
|
|
Near Luxury |
22.5 |
23.1 |
23.5 |
22.8 |
20.8 |
21.0 |
557,138 |
274,561 |
|
|
Luxury |
20.5 |
20.2 |
20.6 |
19.9 |
18.4 |
18.7 |
303,455 |
147,827 |
|
|
Sporty |
24.3 |
25.3 |
25.7 |
25.1 |
23.4 |
22.5 |
262,023 |
135,095 |
|
|
Sports |
21.2 |
20.9 |
20.9 |
20.9 |
20.2 |
20.2 |
287,721 |
142,518 |
|
|
Small SUV |
21.4 |
21.5 |
22.3 |
21.8 |
20.6 |
21.1 |
1,145,227 |
747,666 |
|
|
Compact SUV |
18.3 |
18.6 |
19.2 |
18.8 |
17.8 |
18.3 |
1,464,223 |
717,485 |
|
|
Full SUV |
15.5 |
15.9 |
16.0 |
16.6 |
16.1 |
17.4 |
513,614 |
260,404 |
|
|
Mini Van |
20.3 |
20.3 |
20.6 |
20.2 |
19.0 |
19.2 |
559,099 |
291,864 |
|
|
Full Van |
15.2 |
15.6 |
16.0 |
16.3 |
15.0 |
14.0 |
23,867 |
1,027 |
|
|
Compact P'up |
19.2 |
19.5 |
19.3 |
18.7 |
18.4 |
18.6 |
394,504 |
199,965 |
|
|
Full Pickup |
16.3 |
16.3 |
16.5 |
16.5 |
15.5 |
15.8 |
1,113,896 |
421,099 |
|
|
Small Com |
16.0 |
16.0 |
16.7 |
16.0 |
15.5 |
15.8 |
160,823 |
42,516 |
|
|
n.a. |
|
|
19.9 |
|
|
23.1 |
|
2,637 |
|
|
Diesel model |
Small |
40.7 |
38.7 |
38.8 |
38.0 |
33.4 |
33.4 |
12,246 |
26,260 |
|
Upper Mid |
31.0 |
31.0 |
31.0 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Near Luxury |
|
|
|
|
27.0 |
27.0 |
23 |
564 |
|
|
Compact SUV |
19.0 |
19.0 |
22.4 |
21.2 |
20.1 |
20.5 |
6,287 |
5,398 |
|
|
Full SUV |
|
|
22.0 |
20.8 |
19.9 |
19.3 |
3,853 |
2,876 |
|
|
Mini Van |
|
|
|
23.3 |
21.1 |
21.0 |
749 |
356 |
|
|
Full Van |
|
|
|
|
|
|
150 |
|
|
|
Compact P'up |
|
|
18.0 |
17.8 |
16.0 |
15.6 |
9,626 |
2,690 |
|
|
Full Pickup |
|
|
|
|
|
|
237,973 |
95,572 |
|
|
Small Com |
17.6 |
22.0 |
24.7 |
21.6 |
17.0 |
|
24,158 |
7,577 |
|
|
n.a. |
30.2 |
30.2 |
30.1 |
28.3 |
26.3 |
26.1 |
2,351 |
915 |
|
|
Hybrid model |
Small |
48.3 |
59.1 |
59.8 |
42.0 |
42.0 |
41.6 |
31,297 |
28,059 |
|
Lower Mid |
54.7 |
54.7 |
54.7 |
52.4 |
46.1 |
47.0 |
158,884 |
93,810 |
|
|
Mid |
|
31.8 |
37.4 |
36.5 |
33.8 |
34.6 |
57,964 |
35,513 |
|
|
Near Luxury |
|
|
|
|
|
35.1 |
|
543 |
|
|
Luxury |
|
|
26.1 |
23.9 |
22.0 |
22.2 |
1,750 |
496 |
|
|
Small SUV |
31.9 |
31.9 |
|
30.0 |
29.9 |
29.8 |
22,427 |
13,213 |
|
|
Compact SUV |
|
29.2 |
29.4 |
28.2 |
25.6 |
25.5 |
34,591 |
17,287 |
|
|
Full SUV |
|
|
|
20.6 |
20.4 |
20.1 |
3,147 |
5,416 |
|
|
Full Pickup |
|
|
|
|
20.3 |
20.3 |
45 |
370 |
|
|
E85 model |
Lower Mid |
|
|
|
|
18.6 |
18.5 |
27,428 |
47,407 |
|
Mid |
|
|
19.0 |
17.4 |
16.4 |
16.8 |
277,808 |
131,199 |
|
|
Upper Mid |
|
|
|
13.1 |
13.7 |
14.3 |
86,303 |
53,553 |
|
|
Near Luxury |
|
|
16.0 |
16.9 |
16.6 |
14.4 |
28,898 |
10,630 |
|
|
Sporty |
|
|
19.0 |
19.9 |
19.0 |
22.0 |
361 |
2,498 |
|
|
Compact SUV |
17.3 |
|
|
15.1 |
15.2 |
10.6 |
6,688 |
3,408 |
|
|
Full SUV |
|
|
14.7 |
14.3 |
12.7 |
12.6 |
154,398 |
101,241 |
|
|
Mini Van |
|
|
|
15.3 |
14.6 |
14.1 |
97,896 |
40,463 |
|
|
Full Van |
|
|
|
10.0 |
10.0 |
10.0 |
5,747 |
21,968 |
|
|
Full Pickup |
|
12.0 |
14.3 |
14.7 |
14.4 |
12.4 |
262,908 |
232,532 |
|
|
Small Com |
|
|
|
14.8 |
15.1 |
15.9 |
9,710 |
26,156 |
|
| Notes: 1. | The data above are according to the JATO Dynamics data. All rights reserved; except as specifically permitted by JATO Dynamics no portion of the above may be reproduced. |
| 2. | The JATO Dynamics' data are converted from the figures on liter per a hundred km (liter/100 km) to mile per gram (mpg) by MarkLines. The data include the combined fuel economy calculated by averaging the city and country/highway fuel economy values, weighted 0.55 and 0.45, respectively, by MarkLines. The segments are in accordance with the JATO Dynamics' segments for the North American market. |
| 3. | The new vehicle sales in 2008 and the January - August period in 2009 for the reference include vehicles of which combined fuel economies are unknown. These new vehicles with unknown fuel economy (including those of which fuel economy cannot be calculated) account for around 5% of the total unit sales in the January-August period in 2009, for an example. |
| 4. | The Japanese brand vehicles in the table shown below are the models made by the Seven Make Group (Toyota, Honda, Nissan, Mazda, Mitsubishi, Suzuki and Subaru). |
| 5. | The Budget Segment includes the Chevrolet Aveo, smart fortwo, Toyota Yaris, Honda Fit, Hyundai Accent and Kia Rio. |
| 6. | The Small Segment includes the Chevrolet Cobalt, Ford Focus, Dodge Caliber, Mini, VW Jetta, Toyota Corolla, Honda Civic, Nissan Versa, Mazda Mazda3, Mitsubishi Lancer, Subaru Impreza, and Suzuki SX4. |
| 7. | The Lower Mid Segment includes the Chevrolet HHR, Chrysler PT Cruiser, Toyota Prius, Hyundai Sonata and Kia Optima. |
| 8. | The Mid Segment includes the Chevrolet Malibu, Ford Fusion, Dodge Avenger, Toyota Camry, Honda Accord, Nissan Altima, Mazda Mazda6, Mitsubishi Galant and Subaru Legacy. |
| 9. | The Upper Mid Segment includes the Buick Lucerne, Ford Crown Victoria, Chrysler 300, VW Passat and Nissan Maxima. |
| 10. | The Near Luxury Segment includes the Cadillac CTS, Lincoln Town Car, BMW 3 Series, Mercedes C-Class, Audi A4, Toyota Avalon, Acura TL and Infiniti G. |
| 11. | The Luxury Segment includes the Cadillac DTS, Lincoln MKS, Audi A6, BMW 5 Series, Mercedes S-Class, Lexus GS, Acura RL and Infiniti M. |
| 12. | The Sporty Segment includes the Chevrolet Camaro, Dodge Challenger, VW GTI, Lexus IS, Mitsubishi Eclipse and Hyundai Tiburon. |
| 13. | The Sports Segment includes the Chevrolet Corvette, Ford Mustang, Dodge Viper, BMW Z4, Mercedes SLK-Class, Audi TT, Honda S2000, Nissan GT-R, Mazda MX-5 and Hyundai Genesis. |
| 14. | The Small SUV Segment includes the Saturn Vue, Ford Escape, Jeep Wrangler, VW Tiguan, Toyota RAV4, Honda CR-V, Nissan Xterra, Mazda Tribute, Mitsubishi Outlander, Subaru Forester, Suzuki Grand Vitara, Hyundai Santa Fe, and Kia Sportage. |
| 15. | The Compact SUV Segment includes the Chevrolet Equinox, Ford Explorer, Jeep Grand Cherokee, BMW X6, VW Touareg, Toyota Highlander, Honda Pilot, Nissan Pathfinder, Mazda CX-9, Mitsubishi Endeavor and Subaru Tribeca, Suzuki XL7. |
| 16. | The Full SUV Segment includes the Cadillac Escalade, Ford Expedition, Dodge Durango, Mercedes GL-Class, Toyota Sequoia and Nissan Armada. |
| 17. | The Mini Van Segment includes the Buick Terraza, Dodge Grand Caravan, Chrysler Town & Country, Mercedes R-Class, VW Routan, Toyota Sienna, Honda Odyssey, Nissan Quest and Mazda Mazda5. |
| 18. | The Full Van Segment includes the GMC Savana and Ford Econoline Wagon. |
| 19. | The Compact Picup Segment includes the GMC Canyon, Ford Ranger, Dodge Dakota, Toyota Tacoma, Honda Ridgeline, Nissan Frontier, Mazda B-Series and Suzuki Equator. |
| 20. | The Full Pickup Segment includes the GMC Sierra, Chevrolet Silverado, Ford F-150, Dodge Ram Pickup, Toyota Tundra, Nissan Titan and Mitsubishi Raider. |
| 21. | The Small Comm Segment includes the GMC Savana Cargo, Ford Transit Connect and Dodge Sprinter. |
| 22. | The data n.a. include the vehicles of which vehicle types cannot be classified (including those of which vehicle types cannot be classified due to lack of specification data and sales statistic issues). |
(Reference) Combined fuel economy of Japanese brand new vehicles by fuel and by segment sold in the US
|
|
Combined fuel economy (mpg): average of the sold vehicles excluding the vehicles with unknown fuel economy |
New vehicle sales (units) |
|||||||
|
2004 |
2005 |
2006 |
2007 |
2008 |
Jan.-Aug. |
2008 |
Jan.-Aug. 2009 |
||
|
Gasoline model |
Budget |
36.0 |
35.7 |
34.4 |
31.9 |
30.6 |
30.5 |
182,122 |
101,069 |
|
Small |
31.1 |
30.2 |
30.6 |
29.1 |
27.4 |
27.5 |
1,138,308 |
651,175 |
|
|
Lower Mid |
23.1 |
23.0 |
22.3 |
22.0 |
22.3 |
22.0 |
3 |
1 |
|
|
Mid |
25.6 |
26.0 |
26.2 |
25.5 |
24.1 |
24.3 |
1,168,209 |
636,628 |
|
|
Upper Mid |
23.0 |
23.2 |
23.1 |
22.6 |
21.4 |
22.0 |
47,072 |
32,442 |
|
|
Near Luxury |
23.0 |
23.8 |
24.5 |
23.6 |
21.4 |
21.6 |
248,093 |
117,433 |
|
|
Luxury |
20.5 |
20.4 |
21.7 |
21.6 |
19.3 |
19.1 |
56,385 |
19,102 |
|
|
Sporty |
25.9 |
25.6 |
25.6 |
24.6 |
23.1 |
23.0 |
61,088 |
20,085 |
|
|
Sports |
21.5 |
21.7 |
22.1 |
22.6 |
22.3 |
22.2 |
84,024 |
44,778 |
|
|
Small SUV |
22.6 |
22.8 |
23.7 |
23.1 |
21.6 |
22.3 |
594,453 |
389,247 |
|
|
Compact SUV |
19.5 |
19.6 |
19.9 |
19.0 |
18.1 |
18.9 |
613,690 |
327,529 |
|
|
Full SUV |
15.4 |
15.4 |
15.4 |
15.1 |
14.6 |
14.6 |
57,576 |
19,914 |
|
|
Mini Van |
21.2 |
21.4 |
21.3 |
20.5 |
19.4 |
19.9 |
291,710 |
159,531 |
|
|
Compact P'up |
20.0 |
18.8 |
18.5 |
18.2 |
18.1 |
18.2 |
224,858 |
110,208 |
|
|
Full Pickup |
15.8 |
16.4 |
16.9 |
16.2 |
14.9 |
14.9 |
155,256 |
53,961 |
|
|
Hybrid model |
Small |
48.3 |
59.1 |
59.8 |
42.0 |
42.0 |
41.6 |
31,297 |
28,059 |
|
Lower Mid |
54.7 |
54.7 |
54.7 |
52.4 |
46.1 |
47.0 |
158,884 |
93,810 |
|
|
Mid |
|
31.8 |
37.4 |
36.6 |
34.1 |
34.1 |
55,346 |
24,999 |
|
|
Near Luxury |
|
|
|
|
|
35.1 |
0 |
543 |
|
|
Luxury |
|
|
26.1 |
23.9 |
22.0 |
22.2 |
1,750 |
496 |
|
|
Small SUV |
|
|
|
|
|
30.2 |
0 |
35 |
|
|
Compact SUV |
|
29.2 |
29.4 |
28.2 |
25.6 |
25.5 |
34,591 |
17,287 |
|
|
E85 model |
Full SUV |
|
|
11.0 |
10.6 |
10.1 |
10.6 |
8,175 |
3,277 |
|
n.a. |
|
11.6 |
11.7 |
10.7 |
10.1 |
10.8 |
18,981 |
9,805 |
|
| Note: | All rights reserved; except as specifically permitted by JATO Dynamics no portion of the above may be reproduced. |
